Fast fashion is a business model that accepts high-speed turnover of clothing collections to comply with the latest trends, in a very inexpensive manner. Companies such as Zara, H&M, and Forever 21 have perfected this strategy by delivering new styles to their store every two weeks, thus fashion cycles are unprecedentedly accelerated.
The appeal of fast fashion lies in its capacity to provide runway styles for consumers at prices usually found on the High Street. Designers present new collections, and within weeks, consumers can buy a close imitation for a fraction of the original amount. This rapid production has its price, and all too often, it is the environment that pays for it.
How Fast Fashion Fuels Global Waste
One of the biggest problems linked with fast fashion is the enormous waste it creates. Every article of clothing has a lifecycle—from production to disposal. With fast fashion, the lifecycle is unnaturally short. People are encouraged to buy new clothes permanently, and as a result, mountains of clothing are thrown away.
The average consumer throws away about 80 pounds of clothing a year. Most of this ends up in landfills, where textiles can take decades to decompose. A garment made of synthetic fiber, like polyester, can take about 200 years to decompose on average. This creates a hauntingly contribution to the ever-increasing piles of textile waste around the globe.
Fast fashion promotes a “wear it once” mentality. Given the low price of clothing, there’s less guilt in purchasing something for a single occasion and getting rid of it shortly thereafter. This disposable attitude brings with it major environmental problems, as huge amounts of clothing end up in piles, hidden from view but not from the mind.
The Toxic Production Process
Producing fast fashion is a highly pollutive process. The making of garments uses enormous quantities of water and energy. It can take up to 2,700 liters of water to produce one cotton shirt, the equivalent of what one person would drink in about two and a half years.
Through dyeing, toxic substances are introduced into rivers and streams, particularly in areas where there are few or no waste treatment facilities. As a result, aquatic life is destroyed, local water supplies become polluted with harmful substances, and both the environment and the people living near such production activities are harmed.
Most of the energy used in production comes from fossil fuels, and this leads to greenhouse gas emissions. Around 10% of carbon emissions globally come from the fashion industry. The fast fashion model, with its emphasis on constant newness, greatly amplifies this figure.
Exploiting Natural Resources
Natural resources are depleted in the search for quick and inexpensive raw materials production, often without regard for environmental consequences. Large-scale cotton farming requires extensive land, water, and pesticides. Conversely, fossil fuels are the source of synthetic fibers such as polyester.
As the fashion goods market enlarges, so does the pressure on natural resources. The environmental damage is great: from trees felled for wood pulp to make rayon, to the oil used in making polyester.
Washing synthetic clothing releases tiny plastic fibers in waterways, which eventually adds to the much bigger issue of plastic pollution in our oceans.
Unregulated Waste Disposal
Textiles end up disposed of mostly in underdeveloped countries with weak or nonexistent waste legislation. These are the countries where the discarded clothing from high-consuming nations like the U.S. and those in Europe ultimately ends up.
The clothing either fills landfills or is burned, both of which options are harmful to the environment. The incineration of textiles emits toxic fumes, further degrading air quality. In landfills, clothing decomposes very slowly, releasing greenhouse gases such as methane—a powerful global warming gas—during that process.
Health risks arise and economic costs are incurred in the areas where these disposal sites are located, causing significant detriment to the local environments and populations.
The Rise of Ethical Fashion Movements
Both consumers and brands increasingly recognize the implications of fast fashion. Quality over quantity reigns in fashion, and a sustainable revival is taking place.
Consequently, brands are starting to reassess their material selections and prefer more eco-friendly options like organic cotton or recycled materials. Some companies are implementing a closed-loop system, whereby a garment is created solely from fibers that can either be reused or safely composted.
People are opting for activities such as secondhand shopping, clothes swapping, and supporting labels with transparent production practices. The notion of capsule wardrobes, promoting the mixing and matching of a small number of versatile items, is also gaining ground: as a result, people buy fewer items but of better quality.
The Consumer’s Role in Solving the Crisis
The problem of environmental pollution linked to fashion is not something they can really control. The choices of consumers acting individually exemplify very well the huge power of collective action. One way to start is to choose to support brands that are making an effort to be sustainable. By doing this, consumers can raise the bar and force others in the industry to follow suit.
Purchasing less but better means buying things that are more durable, not less. This alone can be a major way to reduce individual waste footprints. Buying secondhand clothes or swapping things with friends would help extend the life of garments already in circulation and, as a result, reduce the demand for new production.
Another powerful weapon is raising awareness and spreading education about the harm fast fashion does to the environment. As more people become aware of environmental issues, the demand for ethical practices will rise, leading the industry to make necessary changes toward sustainability.
Paving the Way Toward a Greener Future
Since fashion is so interwoven into our culture, it’s impossible to separate our love of style from its environmental consequences. Changes are already taking place. Sustainability in fashion is gaining traction through initiatives—like ones from lawmakers for better waste management—that were begun by supporters in today’s consumer society.
Governments and organizations across the globe are beginning to enforce laws intended to minimize fashion waste. Some areas have set up textile recycling programs for the first time, while others have adopted more rigorous regulations concerning the disposal of waste. Such actions are essential for properly handling the environmental issues created by the industry.
Major developments will depend on international collaboration and investment in new technologies. Innovations such as biodegradable textiles, sustainable dyeing methods, and more effective recycling processes will help ensure a greener future.